Jade's cultural development

Paleolithic age

The Huaxia ancestors chose Meishi to make jade. The first pair of white jade blocks in the Xinglongtun cultural site in Chahai, Inner Mongolia, which was first seen before 2000, indicates the germination and establishment of the Chinese jade industry in the late Paleolithic period about 10,000 years ago.

In China, jade has a history of more than 5,000 years since the Paleolithic Age. It records human life and social changes, many years before gold, silver, copper and ironware. From the Paleolithic era to the slave society and the feudal society, the wearing of jade represents the social status of people. From the polished jade to the exquisite jade carvings, the jade is developed with the development of the society, and the jade culture is enriched with it—the jade dragon and the jade in the Neolithic Age, the jade knife and the jade in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the sword of the Spring and Autumn Period. Decorations, hooks, the Han Dynasty's ruins, the Tang and Song dynasties, and the large-scale jade carvings of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Qing Dynasty, can be said to have reached the peak of Chinese jade carving history. It is worth mentioning that Yu Pei, produced by artisan Lu Zigang in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, pioneered the jade ornaments with rich graphics, novel composition and exquisite workmanship. It is still highly regarded as “Zi Gangpei”. It adds a more beautiful color to the culture of jade.

Meiyu gets the love of our oriental people. Orientals often use jade to compare human virtues. Confucianism pays attention to "the gentleman must wear jade", "no reason, jade does not go away" and so on.

The unearthed materials in China prove that there were jade articles in the early Neolithic era. In the Hemudu Neolithic cultural relics in Zhejiang, a small number of jade beads, jade pipes and jade baboons were found. But the origin of Chinese jade should be earlier than this. The jade was born out of the mother of the stone, far beyond the stone. In the beginning, only a small jade block was drilled into a hole for use as a pendant, or like a stone-making device, it was ground into a jade weapon or tool. In the late Neolithic period, jade articles were engraved or smoothed. The shape of the jade was relatively large and complex, and it could be counted as a handicraft. The technique of processing jade is the same in the Neolithic Age, where the stone tools were the main symbol. The stone-making technology has evolved from production to grinding, and it has gone through thousands of years. The jade technology has also undergone the same process. The two may be identical in the use of technology and tools, but in addition to practical, jade has other needs, and thus technical requirements are more complicated than stone tools. Jade not only requires a higher finish than stone tools, but also engraves various patterns. This is because of the aesthetic needs of people, and it is a non-practical art decoration. This is rare on stone tools.

Neolithic

Jade articles of the Neolithic Age, with practical value, such as jade axe, jade shovel, jade knife, jade and other production tools and weapons, used as ornaments, such as jade ring, jade ball, jade bracelet, jade, jade, jade, Jade tube and so on. This period jade is simple and simple, with different thickness and irregular shape. In the late stage, jade articles gradually departed from stone tools, embarked on the process of independent development in technology and art, and laid the social and technical foundation for the development and improvement of later jade crafts.

With the use of bronzes or the combination of gold and stone, production tools have been greatly improved, social productivity has been improved, and the value-added and accumulation of material wealth has spurred the formation of classes and the emergence of the state. The history of Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in China, has not yet been fully revealed by people. It needs further study, so its jade situation has not been known so far, so it has to be temporarily suspended.

The slavery of the Shang Dynasty was extremely developed, and slaves have been invested in various fields of social production and life. With the development of agriculture, there is a fine division of labor within the handicraft industry. The jade craft has been separated from the stoneware production and has become an independent handicraft industry. At the same time, the slaves of the Shang Dynasty created a splendid bronze culture. The application of bronze tools in the jade craftsmanship significantly improved the technology of jade jade, and the jadeware gradually replaced the stone tools with bronze.

There are obvious changes in the Yin Shang jade and the primitive society jade. The Yu Ge, Sui, Shovel, Gui, Sui, Knife, and Jade Jade from the Erlitou culture in the early Shang Dynasty have their shapes, carvings, drilling, polishing, etc. Both reached a fairly high level. To the Yinxu jade, the jade carvings of characters, animals, Shenrui and so on have been greatly increased, the craftsmanship has been refined, and there have been many new breakthroughs, creating a lot of exquisite works. At this time, the jade has been turned into a play, mostly as a craft. Among the 755 jade articles unearthed from the Yinxu Women's Tomb, only more than half of the decorative jade articles are more than the sum of rituals, ceremonies, tools and miscellaneous items. This shows that the social function of Shangyu has undergone major changes.

Yin Ruins

There are many types of jade articles in Yinxu. According to different shapes and uses, they can be roughly divided into seven categories: rituals, ceremonies, tools, utensils, decorations, artworks and miscellaneous items. As a ritual device, there are big gongs, group gongs, gui, gongs, rings, cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, etc.; for the use of ceremonies, there are gems, spears, cymbals, cymbals, knives, etc.; There are axe, chisel, hoe, saw, knife, spinning wheel, shovel, hoe, etc.; daily life has 臼, 杵, comb, ear spoon, 匕, 觽, etc.; the number of decorations is the most, there are wearing ornaments, 笄,钏, pendant, beaded, etc. There are fewer artworks, and one jade dragon, two jade tigers, and one strange bird from the woman's tomb are all good works of art. There are jade chains, jade and so on.

Jade carving is one of the important handicrafts of the Yin Dynasty. From the perspective of the design and artistic style of the Yinxu jade, its achievements are no less than the bronzes of the Yin Dynasty. However, due to the lack of information in the past, people focused on the bronze culture. However, the art of jade carving that is parallel and interactive with it is rarely studied. The Yinxu jade is an integral part of the ancient Chinese cultural heritage, which fully reflects the high wisdom and creative ability of the vast jade carving artists of the Yin Dynasty. The discovery of these jade articles not only gives us a comprehensive understanding of the jade carving art of the Yin Dynasty, but also has important reference value for studying the history of Chinese jade carving, art history and the social, economic and cultural aspects of the Yin Dynasty.

Zhou Wangchao

The Zhou Dynasty was a strong slave country after the Shang Dynasty. Agriculture and handicrafts were well developed. The Zhou Dynasty rulers paid attention to summing up the lessons of the Shang Dynasty to destroy the country, reorganizing the various systems and measures of the slave society, and making them organized and standardized to maintain and consolidate their rule. As far as jade articles are concerned, Zhou Yu left the track of the development of jade articles in the Yin Dynasty due to the ideals and connotations given to Yu Yide in the important Zhou Dynasty ruling. Zhou Yu developed the direction of ceremonial jade and opened up the moralization of jade. The new era of "religiousization" and "politicization" laid the theoretical foundation for the study of ancient jade by Zhou Li.

The style of heavy jade in the Zhou Dynasty is extremely prosperous, and the jade is used in the sacrifice. The feast is only used in bronze. Because of the secularization and moralization of jade, everyone follows the emperor. The Zhou Dynasty used the wide range of jade, the degree of emphasis on jade, the requirements of using jade and the technology of making jade more than ever. The Zhou Dynasty constantly improved the technique and design of the jade jade, and deliberately processed the trimming and polishing to make the utensils look beautiful. In terms of workmanship, in addition to the inheritance of the double-hook line, there is also a rough slope line, often forming the outer contours of the eyes, ears, mouth, body, tail, etc., so that the shape is clear, simple and powerful; the details are more than the Yinxian or Parallel Yinxian, it is emphasized that the contrast and change of the thick and thin lines are highlighted by the Yinxian on the polished plane, which reduces the undulation level of the body. This is the characteristic of Xi Zhouyu.

Spring and Autumn Warring States

In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which lasted for more than 500 years, iron tools replaced bronze tools and were widely used in production, which greatly promoted the development of productivity and affected the transformation of social systems. During this period, it was essentially a period of great social transformation in which the backward slavery collapsed and the advanced feudal system gave birth to growth. Several political and economic centers coexisted, and a new situation of “hundred schools of contention” appeared in the cultural and academic fields. Qin, Jin, Yan, Qi, Chu, Wu, Yue, Ba Shu and other local cultures, competing with each other and prospering together have laid a solid foundation for the growth of the unified culture of the Chinese nation. The unearthed jade also reflects this historical fact. The jade handicraft industry has undergone a turning point in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The jade craftsmanship is exquisite and extraordinary, and it has written a glorious page in the history of ancient jade.

jade

The Spring and Autumn Period is a transitional period in terms of its social form. It is also reflected in the jade craftsmanship. It also inherits the decorative patterns of dragons, phoenixes or fantasy deformed animals on the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but it has been carefully crafted. A new style. In the Warring States Period, the proportion of animal subjects on jade articles increased, and the skill was exquisite. The ferocious character and alertness of carnivores were deeply and vividly expressed.

The Spring and Autumn Warring States advocated the preaching of "the gentleman is better than the jade", "the gentleman has no reason, and the jade does not go to the body", so there was a wide variety of Peiyu. This kind of social customs has a certain influence on the development of jade crafts. This is the simplicity and miniaturization of jade ornaments, and the jade articles used in swords and belts. The sword used in jade was first seen in the Spring and Autumn Period and prevailed in the Warring States and the Han Dynasty. The common jade articles in the Spring and Autumn Warring States were 琮, 璜, 璧, bracelets, rings, sword ornaments, and accessories, among which the jade and dragon-shaped ornaments were the most. In addition, there are jade belt hooks, jade and various kinds of funerary jade.

Qin

Qin destroyed six countries and established an unprecedentedly powerful centralized feudal empire. The Han Dynasty adopted the Qin system and implemented various policies to recuperate and improve production, and consolidate and develop a unified and strong feudal state. Unearthed jade articles in this period, the heads are huge, the carvings are unconstrained, the variety is varied, and the skills are exquisite. At this time, the ruling class used jade more widely in social etiquette and daily life, and gradually formed a new era style. The jade carvings of the two Han dynasties are a major breakthrough in the art of jade carving in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States, which have a great influence on the later jade.

Western Han

Inheriting the characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Warring States, the changes are not too big. Due to the convenient transportation in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the source of Xinjiang soft jade has flowed into the Central Plains, and the cause of the jade jade has been further developed. In addition to jade, jade ring, chicken heart, sword, hook and jade, various kinds of "mechanical devices" for funeral burial and various kinds of containers and play prizes appear in large numbers, and also appear in large numbers to "destroy evil spirits". The shape of the disgusting, and the various shapes and patterns have many mythological stories, full of mystery.

Wei and Jin Dynasties

Due to the influence of the chaotic burial, there are very few unearthed jade articles, so their development is not clear. Judging from sporadic jade articles such as jade, jade, and jade, there is not much change with the Han Dynasty, and it is almost impossible to identify. Some of the carvings are still fine, some are rough, and the jade is not as bright as the Han Han.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

The economy is prosperous, the culture is developed, and foreign exchanges are close. Chang'an has become an international city. At this time, the handicraft industry is extremely prosperous, and handicrafts are also important commodities for foreign trade. However, there were very few jade articles unearthed during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. There were only a few kinds of jade cups, decorative ornaments, buckles, strips, jade, and books. In the Tang Dynasty, the jade and the shape of the Han Dynasty were different from those of the Han Dynasty and the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. There were a large number of flowers, birds and figures, and the objects were rich in life. There are more cups with practical value, and new accessories and jade ornaments that represent the ranks are displayed.

Song, Yuan Dynasty

Since the Song Dynasty, jade articles used for practical and decorative have occupied an important position and spread widely in the society. Relative to the rituals and artifacts, they are called "playing objects", and the jade wares are also very high. Due to the separation of the North and the South and the influence of different national cultures, national and local characteristics are reflected in the jade. The two Song jade articles, with the dragon and the phoenix in the form of a lot of patterns, because of the influence of the work strokes, so attach great importance to the demeanor. In the Song Dynasty, not only the industrial and commercial prosperity, trade developed, but also the prevalence of Taoism, the proliferation of science, which also has an impact on the jade carving. The jade carvings with the theme of the tortoise, the crane, the dragon and the dragon are the reflections of these social trends at that time. Xixia, Liao, Jin, and Yuan jade are mainly decorated with flowers, birds, tigers, deer and fish water, and there are more ornaments and inserts. There are cups, washes, and plates for practical supplies; the number of handicrafts with themes of birds, fish, and beasts has increased, and the smashing of jade articles has incorporated the consciousness of living and local feelings of the nation.

Ming Dynasty

The productive forces of the Ming Dynasty have developed greatly. The urban handicraft industry and commercial prosperity have become quite developed. At this time, the trend of jade carving is further toward secularization. In the Ming Dynasty, the study of Taoism and Buddhism was rampant, and Taoism and folk beliefs went deep into the private sector. People demand social stability and pray for the blessing of the gods to obtain the prosperity of this world. This social requirement is reflected in the field of craftsmanship, where auspicious patterns are prevalent. The auspicious patterns of the jade in the Ming Dynasty include the gods such as Eight Immortals, Samsung, and other characters such as Shou, Xi, etc., peaches, ganoderma, plum, bamboo, orchid, deer, crane, dragonfly and other animals and plants, as well as dragons, phoenixes, tigers, and horns. Different birds. Auspicious patterns sometimes become themed patterns, sometimes decorated with decorations, showing the universality and depth of auspicious patterns.

In the Ming Dynasty, due to the wind of drinking tea and drinking, the jade cups appeared and increased with each day. This jade carving is the most contemporary. At the same time, following the Song Dynasty, the art of antique art in the Ming Dynasty gradually formed, affecting the production of jade in the antique jade. The antique jade is in the Song Dynasty and is popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is mainly made up of bronzes and ancient jade ancestors.

The art of calligraphy and painting in the Ming Dynasty further influenced the development and improvement of arts and crafts. At this time, the jade craftsmanship was more or less influenced by the literati paintings, and the slogans and poems and essays were collected. This kind of jade that reflects the taste of the literati is not seen in the previous generation. The relationship between jade and social and cultural life is also getting closer and closer. The literati paint and write in the study, and often use jade stationery or jade decoration.

In order to consolidate its feudal rule, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty used the jade to mark the ranks of the royal system in the old system. Different from the previous generation: the number of jade used on the official robes increased, and the leather belts of the emperors, public, hou, hummer and Yipin civil and military officials were all decorated with jade plates.

The jade carvings of the Ming Dynasty have the style of the times, and the knife method is rough and powerful. The "three-layer open-cut method" appears, and the carvings are very fine. Beijing, Suzhou and Yangzhou were the three major jade centers of the time. Song Yingxing’s "Heavenly Creations" believes that: "While a good worker gathers a Beijing-based teacher, it is a skill to promote the Soviet Union." Suzhou's Yuxi craft was promoted to be the first in the country at that time, making a historic contribution to the development and improvement of the Ming Dynasty jade craft. . After the middle period of the Ming Dynasty, the skills of Yuxi developed faster, and many masters of Daiyu appeared. The most famous name of Lu Zigang, the jade that was made by him, was called “Zigangyu”. However, in the last process of milling and fine grinding in the Ming Dynasty, there was a phenomenon of “seeking shape and not seeking work”.

The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of Chinese feudal society. It made great contributions to the formation and consolidation of a multi-ethnic unified country. Under this historical background, jade articles have achieved unprecedented development and formed the highest peak in the history of ancient Chinese jade. In terms of the beauty of jade, the shape of workmanship, the volume of production, and the wide range of uses, it is historically The jade of any dynasty cannot be compared.

In the past two hundred years from the early Qing Dynasty to the twenty-fourth year of the Qianlong period, the production of jade articles in the Qing Dynasty was extremely slow due to the difficulty of the source of jade materials. The work of jade articles in this period was similar to that of the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of the Qianlong era, the jade was developed and developed. It has entered its heyday since the 25th year of Emperor Qianlong. After half a century, it turned to a low tide and even declined. With the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the history of ancient Chinese jade articles also ended.

The Qianlong era jade is a representative of the jade articles of the Qing Dynasty. It can be summarized as the two main mainstreams of antique jade and jade. In addition, there are imitation marks of Stan. Antique jade, one is antique enamel, that is, the shape and pattern of imitation quotient and Zhou bronze ware; the other is imitation Han jade. When making jade, it has a variety of shapes, and the patterns and workmanship are extremely colorful. The rise of the imitation marks Du Stan Jade began with the tribute to the inner court of the local scorpion in Xinjiang, which was obtained after the Emperor Qianlong appreciated and gave his will. The traces of Stan Jade are also known as Indian jade, and the West is called Mughal Jade, with an Arabian-style styling and pattern. It is characterized by "water mill", strong polishing, and thin as paper. There are dozens of praises in the Emperor Qianlong's imperial poems.

The level of jade in the Qianlong era reached its peak, far exceeding the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. The craftsmen of this era inherited and applied the excellent heritage of the ancient jade crafts, drawing on the achievements of painting, sculpture, craftsmanship and external influences, creating and developing jade art with distinctive characteristics of the times. Because of the texture of jade, it has always been valued in the history of Chinese nationality. Therefore, the emergence of jade has five virtues, nine virtues, and even eleven virtues. Although these statements are from Confucianism, they are actually the intuitive feelings of people observing jade. Departure, extension and attachment, and social morality, become the spiritual pillar and traditional strength of the development of jade. In the Qianlong era, this tendency has been further developed. The large jade material is used to grind all kinds of carvings that are simple and capable of displaying jade beauty. This kind of richly-preserved jade is not seen in the previous generation. It is said that the Manchu rulers and the contemporary jade craftsmen of the Junlin Chinese have fully carried forward the traditional jade view. In short, the Qianlong era of the Qianlong era has accomplished the outstanding task of integrating the historical heritage and innovating, and has produced a variety of outstanding works, making an indelible contribution to the development of Chinese ancient jade.

to sum up

Looking at the rheological process of ancient Chinese jade and the achievements of various eras, we can see that Chinese jade has a long history, a wide range of uses, a variety of forms, a sleek texture, exquisitely milled, unique style, and distinctive national characteristics. It is unique in the field of jade crafts in the world and fully demonstrates the wisdom and creative ability of the working people of ancient China. As an important part of the history of ancient Chinese jade articles, the ancient jade is also a precious heritage and artistic treasure in the treasure house of Chinese national culture. It radiates a splendid light like a pearl, shining on the modern jade crafts that are booming. Broad distance.

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