Qidan color rich Liao Dynasty jade
Although the jade articles of the Liao Dynasty are an important part of Chinese traditional jade, they have their own unique characteristics, which is quite different from the jade articles with strong traditional colors in the Central Plains. It has had a very important influence on the post-gold, yuan and even the Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern jade. The Qidan people and their lives According to the Wei Wei of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Qidan nationality is a branch of Donghu. In the Han Dynasty, there were two large tribal peoples in the northern grassland. The Xiongnu was near the west and Donghu was near the east. Because it was on the east side of the Xiongnu, it was called It is Donghu). The Khitan was a part of the Huns. After the Huhu defeated the Huns, they merged Qidan into Donghu. Later, Qidan evolved into a branch of the Xianbei Yuwen Department. In 916, the Qidan leader, Yelu Abao, divided the ethnic group into two tribes, one of which belonged to the orthodox Qidan, namely the Qidan royal family, the surname to Yelu, and the other to the surname. By 1125, the Khitan was called "Liao". Liao is a feudal ruling dynasty established on the basis of the Qidan people. Therefore, in the Liao Dynasty, whether it is politics, economy or culture, it reflects the national characteristics of the Qidan people. Therefore, the jade articles of the Liao Dynasty also have "Khitan". specialty. There are many records about the history of the Qidan people, but after the Jin Dynasty, the Qidans suddenly disappeared. It is always a mystery about the whereabouts of this tribe. In 1922, several Italian missionaries discovered a monument in Bahrain Right Banner, Inner Mongolia. The words on the tablet are both Chinese characters and Chinese characters. These foreigners call it "Tianshu". According to scholars' research, these words are 潇The "Khitan characters" left by the Khitan people (the Khitan people created two kinds of characters: the Khitan characters and the Khitan characters). Since then, the study of Liao history has been put on the agenda and is receiving more and more attention. With the discovery of a large number of Liao Dynasty tombs and the unearthing of a large number of Liao Dynasty cultural relics, this has become the epitome of the creation of the Khitan nationality. Liao Dynasty Jade Articles and "Four Seasons" The Khitan people belong to the people on the grassland, and they take the car and horse as their home. It is said that the emperors of the Liao Dynasty stayed in Kyoto for no more than one month each year. Most of the other time was to cruise around their capital. The form of this parade was called "æºé’µ". Before the founding of the People's Republic of China and the late period of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was basically no jade. However, the output of jade articles was concentrated in the Liao Dynasty, and the yield of jade articles was extremely high. Nomadic, fishing and hunting is an important way of life for ethnic minorities close to the Northeast. The emperor's four seasons (ie, camps, palace accounts) will come from this. Because it is a nation on horseback, the Khitan people like to decorate the horses very beautifully. This is a unique practice of the nation and cannot be compared with any other nation. They used jade to decorate the whole body of the horse. From the hoe, the chew to the saddle, and even any object on the horse, it was decorated with jade, which is impossible for any other nation. So, what is the season? As the name suggests, it is spring, summer, autumn and winter. Spring Festival, that is, every spring from the first month of the first month to the middle of April, the emperor wants to go to Changchun (now the former Guoer Luosta Tiger City of Jilin Province) fish 泺 (the moon bubble in the lower reaches of the river) Mixed with the river (referring to Songhua and Songhua River after the Nenjiang River) to catch geese, fish, summon the Jurchen leader. When hunting, the soldiers were required to dress in uniform, armed with a meteor hammer and a goose cone, standing on the riverside. When the swan flew over, the soldiers told the emperor to prepare. The swan itself flies low and slow. When it hears the sound of the drums on the riverside, it will fly higher and higher because of fear. The eagle officer in the soldier handed the eagle to the emperor, and the emperor released the eagle. The eagle flies very fast and goes straight to the top of the bird, making the birds fly lower and lower, slowly falling to the river, officials rushing for the head goose, the first person to pick up the swan will be rewarded. According to the records of the Liao Dynasty, the prime minister Zhang Renjie was arrested for his first geese and was promoted to the rank of three. The emperor used the "head geese feast" to feast the ministers. Xia Wei, from mid-April to mid-July every year, in the Yongan Mountain (now the northwest of Bahrain Right Banner in Inner Mongolia) and the Liangshan of Charcoal (now northwest of Duoshikou, Hebei Province) to summer and discuss politics. Qiu Jin, from mid-July to October of each year, in Fuzhou, Qingzhou (now Lin County, Inner Mongolia), shooting deer, shooting tigers, summoning tribal leaders. Dongying refers to the winter from October to the first month of the first month. The emperor shunned the cold and discussed politics in the Guangpingdian (the plain where the Xilamulun River and the Laoha River merged). Among the jade articles in Liao Dynasty, there are many white jade articles, which are related to the four seasons of Liao Dynasty. Among them, Chunshui jade and Qiushan jade are obtained according to the spring and autumn. In addition, in the jade articles made in Liao Dynasty, there are also training. The image of Haidongqing’s eagle officer. The molding process of Liao Dynasty jade and the traditional jade of Central Plains The history of the Qidan people in the past 1000 years, but almost all of the jade articles came from the founding of the Liao Dynasty. Most of the jade articles come from tombs, towers (the underground palace at the bottom of the tower, there are many gold and silver jade, 8 in Liaotaji), ruins, kiln houses (Northern Chaoyang Tower and Dule Temple in Jixian County). According to statistics, in 2009, nearly 70 Liao Dynasty tombs were unearthed. According to the analysis, almost all of these jade articles were from the Qidan noble cemetery, because the tombs of the Qidan nobles and the tombs of the Han people are different in the epitaph. Secondly, The civilian tomb of the Khitan does not see jade. The entire Liao Dynasty jade is almost the jade of the Khitan people. For example, in the tomb of Princess Chen Guo and Hummer, a lot of dazzling jade artifacts were unearthed. In the coffin of the tomb of the Liao tomb in the Turki Mountains, there were also a small amount of jade, and gold and silver were mostly. The types of jade articles in Liao Dynasty are divided into Hetian jade, agate, crystal and amber. There is a lot of amber, almost all red. It is said that objects made of Jinpo will slowly turn red after a long time. Therefore, experts believe that the amber of the Liao Dynasty is made of Jinpo. In the early days of making jade, the Qidan people all imitated the production style of the Han people. The styling is divided into several categories. The first category is traditional shapes such as dragons, phoenixes, plates, bowls, etc., which are used by the Han people. The Khitan people have a strong sense of identity with the Chinese nation. They think that they are not "foreigners". They are also descendants of the Yellow Emperor. They are basically the same as the traditional things about sacrifices, but the jade used for sacrifices is very different from the tradition. For example, the traditional waist is usually copper gold, while the Qidan unearthed is the jade waist, only this one, unearthed in the tomb of the Qidan royal girl. There are also shackles used by Buddhists to hang. The shackles unearthed by Khitan are different from ordinary cockroaches. There are some things like tubules in the middle of the pendant. For example, the small pendants of Ssangyong, Shuangfeng and Shuangmao are unique to Khitan. Sitting on a dragon is a simulation of the traditional objects of the Han Chinese. The second category is grassland ecological modeling (birds, beasts, fishing and hunting). These are all related to the life of the nation, and they are very unique. For example, jade "cross-necked", this is a typical Qidan culture, in addition to jade and amber, and even found bronze. Fish-shaped pendants and bear-shaped pendants, the fish looks very fat, the bears look fat, but they are relatively rigid and simple, which shows the simple pursuit of the Liao Dynasty. The third category, the Buddhist theme. Buddhism flourished in the Liao Dynasty. As is known to all, the Buddhism of the Northern Wei Dynasty flourished, and then it was the Tang Dynasty. However, from the unearthed cultural relics, the Buddhism of the Liao Dynasty was unmatched by other dynasties. During the period of Yelu Abao, the first temple in the Liao Dynasty was established. During the period of Liao Shengzong and Liao Jingzong, the belief in Buddhism was out of control. According to the records at the time, the population of the Liao Dynasty was more than 10 million, of which the monks accounted for 3.6%. Before the Northern Song Dynasty, when the monk population reached 0.92%, the state finances had been difficult to bear, thus illustrating the worship of Buddhism by the Liao Dynasty. Every year, the Emperor Empress also gives land to the monks' temples. Only the monks will spend 300,000 yuan on gold. For example, Feitian, the Liao Dynasty was the first to be found unearthed. At present, five land points have been discovered. For another example, what I said before. The fourth category, horse shape. "Khitan saddle vest world." A set of horses, decorated with 300 Hetian jade. A large number of agate jade harnesses were found in the tomb of Hummer. Later, one or two objects decorated with agate or jade will be found on the harness of the Central Plains, but this set of jade harnesses is only available to the Khitan people. The fifth category, the Hu style, is the "foreigner" style. This is a large proportion of the Qidan jade styling and is unique to the Qidan. For example, "Huren lion-printed amber pieces" is a typical Qidan shape. In addition, there are also round sculptures and sculptures. The biggest feature of the Liao Dynasty jade carvings is the presence of pairs. The greatest feature of the Liao Dynasty jade is the symbol of rank and identity. Polyester Sports Caps,Polyester Baseball Cap,100 Polyester Baseball Caps,Polyester Sports Caps For Sale Shandong Urelia International Co., Ltd. , https://www.ureliacaps.com